Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Power of the Witches :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Power of the Witches in Macbeth   â Myths and religions regularly incorporate perfect or underhanded creatures with mind blowing powers. William Shakespeare consolidated witches with strange powers in his play, Macbeth. These witches had insidious forces to set the course of occasions in the plot and added to the kind of the story. The witches' forces included omnientness, vision and nebulous vision creation, and the capacity to set the conditions for catastrophe, and the use of these capacities sets the development of the play.  As opening characters in the story, the witches build up the significant subject of the story and foresee future occasions. After implying of their understanding as far as possible of the war and uncovering their relationship with wicked powers, the witches get out, Reasonable is foul, and foul is fair,(I, I, 12). In his first gathering with the Weird Sisters, Banquo questions the witches controls and asks, On the off chance that you can investigate the seeds of time and state which will develop and which will not?(I, iii, 65). The witches predictions wait through the story and uncover their precision, and Banquo pays heed and remarks to Macbeth, I imagined the previous evening of the three Weird Sisters. To you they have demonstrated some truth,(II, I, 25). The witches predictions place a hidden idea in Macbeth and Banquo's psyches and stow away there all through their activities with an ever-present impact.  Another persuasive intensity of the Weird Sisters was their capacity to make dreams and specters. From the get-go in the homicide scene of Duncan, Macbeth sees a ridiculous daggerâ and in a phantasmagoric state, comments, Thou marshal'st me how I was going,/And such an instrument I was to use,(II, I, 51). Macbeth additionally states, Black magic observes Pale Hecate's offerings,(II, I, 60). Both of these announcements may recommend a powerful power in the issue. The witches' forces likewise reach out to the calling of specters that predict future occasions. The three phantoms tell Macbeth, Be careful the Thane of Fife,(IV, I, 81), none of lady conceived/Shall hurt Macbeth, (IV, I, 91), and Macbeth will never be vanquished be until/Great Birnham Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/Shall come against him,(IV, I, 106). These dreams and specters, as observed later on, profoundly affect Macbeth's activities.  The most critical intensity of the Weird Sisters lies in their capacity to set the conditions for fiasco.

Entrepreneurial Action Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pioneering Action - Coursework Example Likely arrangements 10 14. Subsidizing demand 10 15. Leave systems 10 Executive Summary Solo Pasta Restaurant is a pasta eatery situated on Holloway Road 7N. The business is claimed by four accomplices that contributed similarly to support the business. Our point is to develop the business seeing benefits in the principal year and fabricate acknowledgment and attention to the business. Eventually we intend to venture into different markets. Rivalry is for the most part from inexpensive food diners for example McDonalds and another business that will contend straightforwardly with us. Business Idea Concept Solo Pasta Restaurant will serve an assortment of pasta, sauces, vegetables and meat. Our administration will be one of a kind in that the clients can structure his pasta bowl with anything they desire on the pasta. It will situate forty (40) supporters and utilize four (4) representatives. The arranged objective market would be first understudies, on account of the area and working grown-ups, as these are the two gatherings of individuals that eat out the most. Solo Pasta will offer a (20%) rebate to understudies. Solo Pasta will utilize talented laborers that can accommodate quick well disposed help and produce quality nourishments. Notwithstanding the pasta dishes, Solo Pasta will offer hot beverages and breakfast rolls. Crucial Pasta Restaurant’s mission is to furnish quality items with quick neighborly assistance. ... Goals Solo Pastas objective is to breakeven or post a benefit in the main year of tasks. We additionally need to increase 30% of the focused on business sectors before the finish of the main year of tasks. SWOT Analysis Strengths Solo Pasta was first to open at its area and it has just started to build up a dependable customers. A significant number of similar clients stop in for espresso or tea and breakfast loaves for a long time, and the equivalent is valid for our lunch and supper customer base. A large number of our clients have exploited our advancements of free espresso and (20%) understudy limits. Monetarily Solo Pasta is surpassing the breakeven point every day as of the second month of activity. Moreover we offer a one of a kind item and administration by permit clients to plan the substance of their pasta bowls. Solo pasta has better than expected nature of item and exceeds expectations in client assistance. Moreover our area is an advantage as we are in the core of north grounds and near the cylinder on Holloway Road. Shortcomings Solo Pasta uses no outside subsidizing. This constrains the sum that can be spent on promoting. Solo Pasta has a predetermined number of seating limit. By and by, Solo Pasta doesn't offer a do support. Openings Solo Pasta could search out financial specialists to build the measure of assets accessible for promoting. Solo Pasta could build up a complete support of increment number of day by day clients they could serve. Solo Pasta could run extra advancements to expand deals. Solo Pasta could promote on nearby or university TV and radio broadcasts. Dangers Solo Pasta face a danger from the new café that simply opened. The dangers presented by the new café, not at all like different restaurants on Holloway, serve

Differences in Suicide Among Men and Women

Differences in Suicide Among Men and Women Depression Suicide Print Differences in Suicide Among Men and Women By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on June 20, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on February 04, 2020 Ismail Akin Bostanci / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression In This Article Table of Contents Expand Suicide Attempts & Risk of Death Suicide Methods Severity of Suicide Attempts Self-Harming Behavior Depression and Suicide LGBTQ Suicide Rates Theories & Explanations View All Back To Top Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 immediately. Official statistics and research studies have found that there are a number of gender differences in suicide. These differences are known as the gender paradox of suicide. While females are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts, for example, males are much more likely to take their own lives. While it is difficult to discuss this topic, it has to be stressed that this knowledge is important if we are to reduce the number of deaths by suicide in the United States and around the world each year. The World Health Organization reports that 800,000 people die by suicide each year worldwide while suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States.?? Understanding these gender differences can help experts better design and develop prevention and intervention strategies. Differences in Suicide Attempt and Risk of Death Suicide statistics reveal that women are roughly three times more likely to attempt suicide, though men are two to four times more likely to die by suicide.?? Compared to their male counterparts, women show higher rates of suicidal thinking, non-fatal suicidal behavior, and suicide attempts.?? The differences in attempts and completed suicides in women have erroneously led many people to believe that suicide attempts in women are often a method of getting attention rather than a serious risk. This is far from true. Its important to note that among women, an attempted (but failed) suicide attempt is the greatest risk factor for suicide in the future, and all suicide attempts, whether in men or in women, need to be taken very seriously. Differences in Suicide Methods One of the most important reasons for the difference between suicide attempts and completed suicides between men and women is the method of suicide used. Men tend to choose violent (more lethal) suicide methods, such as firearms, hanging, and asphyxiation, whereas women are more likely to overdose on medications or drugs.?? Common suicide methods in men include: FirearmsHangingAsphyxiation or suffocationJumpingMoving objectsSharp objectsVehicle exhaust gas In general, women tend to use a greater variety of suicide methods than men. Common suicide methods in women include: Self-poisoning (Women four times as likely as men to die from drug poisoning)Exsanguination (bleeding out from a cut such as a slit wrist)DrowningHanging (One study found that men and women are both just as likely to die by hanging)Firearms (But women were 73% less likely to use firearms as men) Why More Men Are Taking Their Own Lives Other Differences in Suicide Methods There are differences in suicide methods beyond those between the sexes. One study found that: Men who were married were more likely to use firearms, whereas men who were unmarried were more likely to die by hanging.Unmarried women were less likely to hang themselves than married women.Men with a history of substance use were more likely to die by self-poisoning.  Prior substance use had no impact on self-poisoning as a suicide method among women.For both men and women, the likelihood of poisoning was significantly higher among those taking psychiatric medications.?? Methods such as intentional overdose are more common in those who have been depressed for some time. Firearms, in contrast, appear to be more common when people are reacting to acute situations. This would support current recommendations to remove guns from a home in the setting of an acute mental health crisis. According to the CDCs Data Statistics Fatal Injury Report for 2017, firearms accounted for 50.6% of all suicide deaths in 2017. Differences in the Severity of Suicide Attempts Even when the same method of suicide is used by men and women, attempts by men tend to be more serious and severe (60% more severe, at least statistically speaking). Men who attempt suicide and survive are more likely than women who attempt and survive suicide to require intensive care hospitalization. With regard to suicide by firearms, research has found that men are more likely to shoot themselves in the head (which is more likely to be fatal) than women.?? The reason for this has been debated but could be related to less intent to die in women. Some have suggested that this could be, however, that cosmetic fears in women, should the attempt fail, play a role in the location of a gunshot.?? Researchers have explored the possibility that suicidal intent may play a role in this discrepancy. One study found that females tend to exhibit less serious intent to die than do males.?? Prior Suicide Attempts Before Suicide As noted above, both men and women who have a history of a prior suicide attempt are at high risk for future suicide. Over half of women who die by suicide have a previous attempt, whereas less than half of men who commit suicide have a prior attempt. Suicide Warning Signs Regardless of gender differences in suicide, everyone should be aware of the risk factors and warning signs of suicide. If you or a loved one have a history of depression, you may wish to create a suicide safety plan as well. Differences in Self-Harming Behavior While men are more likely to die as a result of a suicide attempt, women are more likely to engage in what is known as deliberate self-harm (DSH) or self-injury. DSH involves any sort of self-harming behavior, whether or not the intent is to commit suicide. Research suggests that people who use self-injury are not usually trying to kill themselves, though sometimes they do. While many people associate self-harm with a desire for attention, it is not and is often done in private. Examples of DSH include non-lethal drug overdoses and self-injury such as cutting. While suicide may not be the motivation, many people who engage in self-harm may be having suicidal thoughts and may also go too far in their self-harming behavior resulting in unintentional suicide. Research has found some key risk factors for suicide in those who engage in self-harming behavior including: Previous episodes of self-harmSuicidal intentPhysical health problemsMale gender?? What Are the Warning Signs of Self-Injury? Gender Differences in Depression and Suicide Its thought that major depression occurs in roughly half of people who commit suicide, both male and female, and there are differences in this regard as well. Women are twice as likely as men to carry a diagnosis of major depression, though, as noted, completed suicide occurs much more often in men than women. Its also known that women are more likely to seek treatment for depression than men. Differences in Suicide Rates Among LGBTQ Individuals Research has found that suicidal thoughts and rates are much higher among those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and non-binary.  For instance, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth are three times more likely to think about suicide and seven times more likely to attempt suicide than heterosexual youth.??   A U.S. study found that 40% of transgender adults have attempted suicide.?? One of the first studies to look at how gender identity impacts suicide rates found that among teens, trans males face the highest risk of suicide, with 50% reporting a suicide attempt in the past year.?? Nonbinary teens had the second-highest suicide risk, with 42% reporting some type of self-harm in the previous year.?? For comparison, the study found that suicidal behaviors were reported in less than 10% cisgender males (that is, those whose gender identity matches their biological sex) and 17% of cisgender females.?? Rejection and bullying have both been implicated in the increased suicide rates among LGBTQ individuals. Research has shown that young people who are rejected by their families due to their identity or sexual orientation are 8.4 times more likely to attempt suicide than those who have more family support and acceptance.?? A study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that every incident of LGBTQ harassment or abuse, both verbal and physical, more than doubles the risk of self-harming behaviors.?? Research suggests that taking steps to facilitate friendships between LGBT and heterosexual students may help reduce these rates. A study conducted by researchers from the University of British Columbia found that simply having a gay-straight alliance (GSA) at school reduced suicidal thoughts and attempts among all students, regardless of their sexual orientation.?? The researchers suggest having a long-standing GSA reduces homophobic bullying and improves student mental health no matter their sexual orientation. How LGBTQ Bullying Affects Suicide Risk Why Are There Gender Differences With Suicide? A number of different theories have been suggested to account for the gender differences in suicide. Differences in gender roles and societal expectations may account for some of the differences in suicidal behavior. The gender stereotype of men being tough and strong does not allow for failure, perhaps causing men to select a more violent and lethal method of suicide; while women, who are allowed (in social acceptance terms) the option to express vulnerability and to ask for help, may use suicide attempts as a means of expressing their need for help. Some researchers have even suggested that women may be more reluctant to engage in a serious suicide attempt because the act is seen as violent and masculine. Some theories suggest that females may be more likely to attempt suicide at an earlier point when faced with psychological distress or illness than males, less out of an intent to die and more out of an attempt to communicate distress.?? Another theory is that women are more likely to take others into consideration, and looking at suicide in the context of relationships may give women less incentive to want to die. Others have wondered if perhaps women feel freer to change their minds following a decision to attempt suicide. Experts suggest that gender might also influence what methods a person is familiar with or has ready access to use. For example, men are generally more likely than women to be familiar with firearms and use them in their daily lives, and thus they might choose this method more often. While certain generalizations can be made about male and female suicide behavior, it should be noted that general tendencies cannot be taken as absolute guidelines for suicide prevention efforts. Suicide attempts should always be taken seriously and not dismissed as attention-seeking behavior, nor should it be assumed that only persons of a particular gender will use any given method. It is important to note that more research is needed to better understand gender differences in suicide and to develop gender-targeted intervention strategies. If You Are a Parent… If you are a parent, you may have lost sleep hearing about the risk of suicide in young people. Despite prevention and intervention programs aimed to help teens who are considering suicide, determining if a teenager is suicidal can be very difficult. In addition to learning about the warning signs of suicide in adults, take a moment to learn about the warning signs for suicide in teenagers, and become familiar with some of the common myths about teen suicide. The Trevor Project offers help and resources for LGBTQ youth and can be reached at 1-866-488-7386. Call 911 if you or another person is in immediate danger. How to Help a Friend Who Is Feeling Suicidal

Ethnic Conflict Kashmir - 542 Words

The conflict in Kashmir dates all the way back to 1947 and still continues to this day. Kashmir is an 85,806 square mile territory North of India and East of Pakistan. Kashmir was one of the many states governed by British rule before gaining its independence in 1947. This independence was not truly meant to be permanent; the ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, was meant to join Kashmir to either India or Pakistan. The majority of Kashmir’s population was Muslim, so Pakistan, being a Muslim nation, expected Kashmir to cede to them. Unfortunately, Maharaja was Hindu, so he remained neutral in the decision. This sent Pakistan into an uproar, and in October of 1947, Pakistan sent Muslim troops into Kashmir. Maharaja appealed to the Indian government for military assistance and signed the Instrument of Accession, ceding Kashmir to India; the first Indo-Pakistan war begins. This is the first of three wars to occur between India and Pakistan, none with a winner. India referred the co nflict to the UN who asked Pakistan and India to remove their forces, although neither did. It finally ended in 1949 when a ceasefire agreement was made and the Line of Control was established. The LOC was meant to be temporary, but it continues to be the border between and India and Pakistan today, giving 65% of the territory to India and 35% to Pakistan. The second war occurred in 1965 when Pakistan crossed the LOC, thinking India was unable to defend their territory and that the Kashmir peopleShow MoreRelatedKashmir Issue and Mediation Essay3467 Words   |  14 PagesKashmir Issue and Mediation The record of the international mediation (Third Party role), or meditative interventions in regard to the Kashmir dispute is clearly mixed: These interventions achieved both some successes and some failures. Among the successes were the cease-fire and truce agreements, arranged by UNCIP in 1948 and 1949.The cease-fire agreement did not hold for long, and peacekeeping operation that emerged from it failed in large measure to keep the peaceRead MoreThe War in Kashmir1999 Words   |  8 Pages Nakayama, pg 32). The purpose of this paper is to present research on a conflict involving different cultural groups. The paper will integrate library research as well as focus on two specific aspects of conflict for my research. Those aspects will be; the history of the relationships between cultural groups and culture conceptions of women. The war in Kashmir is the cultural conflict I have chosen to research. Kashmir is located between the nations of India and Pakistan, for which these two nationsRead MoreTaking a Look at the Kashmir Conflict2667 Words   |  11 Pages INTRODUCTION The Kashmir Conflict has been an ongoing battle between India and Pakistan for decades. At its very basis, it is a territorial dispute between the governments of India and Pakistan and Kashmiri insurgent groups over control of the region of Kashmir. However, at it’s core it is religious quarrel that has been affected by the presence of nuclear weapons and the desire for local autonomy. The potential for peace is a topic still widely debated and rarely agreed upon by scholars. ThroughRead MoreEssay about Religion and Conflicts: The Future of Kashmir2316 Words   |  10 PagesThe spreading of religion has been the catalyst of numerous conflicts in world history, and in the past several decades it has been occurring in a land known as Kashmir. This territory, located in Central Asia, sits between India, Pakistan and China, and is known for its beauty and strife, all stemming from religious and cultural differences. In 1948, Mahatma Gandhi, a freedom fighter for Indian national ism, was terrified at the possibility of war, and delivered a famous speech at a prayer meetingRead MoreIndia s Issue Of Kashmir1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthinks that Kashmir is not the issue for an international concern and India does not consider UN’s take on any political action over Kashmir. India’s apprehension of Kashmir is reasonable somehow because India has fought three times with Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will beRead MoreEssay about Kashmir Conflict4887 Words   |  20 Pageswith several global-impact conflicts. A particular conflict still in stalemate today is the Kashmir conflict between the Republic of India and Pakistan. Since the British granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 there has been much content ion as to where the partition should be in the Kashmir and Jammu region. The newborn states of India and Pakistan (East and West) were created along religious lines in fear of Hindu subjugation of the Muslim minority. Kashmir in this sense is a perplexingRead MoreChild Soldiers in India2021 Words   |  9 Pagesthat try to limit the participation of children in armed conflicts, nevertheless the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers reports that the use of children in military forces, and the active participation of children in armed conflicts is widespread India as a nation is facing a new problem concerning its children- emergence of children as soldiers in strife -torn states of Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Nagaland and Assam. They are getting drawn intoRead MoreSocial Problems and Issues in Pakistan2776 Words   |  12 PagesEthnic Pressures Pakistans 180 million people are divided into five main ethnic groups: Punjabi (44.7 percent), Pashtun (15.4 percent), Sindhi (14.1 percent), Muhajirs (7.6 percent), and Balochi (3.6 percent).The country is divided into four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as North-West Frontier Province, or NWFP). In addition, there are the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan. HistoricallyRead MoreKashmir As A Forgotten Casualty Of The World4033 Words   |  17 Pagesthree nuclear powers, the region of Kashmir has become a forgotten casualty of the aftermath. The region has since crafted a history of violent struggle for sovereignty and freedom. Kashmir has become symbolic of the nearly century long Indo-paki struggle that has left inhabitants of the region in turmoil. The bloody history of the region, and the way the issue has been handled brings up the question of what is the best way to han dle the situation? The region of Kashmir has been claimed by both IndiaRead MoreCross Border Terrorism And Kashmir2322 Words   |  10 PagesCross border terrorism in Kashmir Since the beginning, Pakistan’s two nations theory that The Hindu and Muslim cannot stay together in one umbrella, led to partition of India and birth of Pakistan. Jammu Kashmir as an unfinished agenda of partition and consider that being Muslim majority state contiguous with its territory should be part of Pakistan. After losing three battle (in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and Kargil conflict in 1999) on the name of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir with Pakistan, they failed

The Importance of Squealer - 1346 Words

Sly, greedy, and crafty are just a few characteristics that describe Squealer in the book Animal Farm by George Orwell. This pig is also a messenger, an actor, a great persuasive speaker, a follower, and an outstanding liar. Hes nimble, hes clever, hes manipulative and most of all hes sneaky. Squealer uses his intelligence to persuade the other animals on the farm into doing what Napoleon wants, even if they dont really want to do it. He uses his craftiness and cunning to persuade the animals into thinking that he is on their side and hes doing all he can to help them out. His acting ability misleads the animals into thinking that hes one of their closest friends and that he can be trusted with all their secrets. Squealers slick†¦show more content†¦In this example he tells the other animals that Snowball was teamed up with Jones to try to recapture the farm from the animals to take the rebelling out of there minds. In this particular example one of the animals says in Snowb alls defense that he fought with courage in the battle of the Cowshed, and that everyone saw him with blood seeping out of him. Squealer replies to the animals by saying, That was part of the arrangement! Jones shot only grazed him. I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it. The plot was for Snowball, at the critical moment, to give the signal for flight and leave the field for the enemy. And he very nearly succeeded-if it had not been for out heroic leader comrade Napoleon (Orwell 80). Squealer recalls the battle of the Cowshed the way the pigs wanted it to be remembered, with as much detail of Napoleon saving the farm as possible. Although the animals dont actually recall it that way they believed it because Squealer has remembered it in much more detail than the animals did. This is also an excellent example of Squealer manipulating the other animals on the farm. He also takes the animals lack of intelligence to his advantage whenever he can. When Snow ball was in change Squealer was living in his shadow. But when Napoleon came to power Squealer also shared the spotlight. Squealer wasnt being used to his full potential under Snowball,Show MoreRelatedThe Role of Squealer in Animal Farm Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe first time we see Squealer is when some of the other animals question the consumption of milk and apples by the pigs. This point in the book is significant because it is the first time the pigs are seen to be giving themselves better quality food than the rest of the animals. Squealer is described in the book as a brilliant talker and persuasive. He is excitable and confuses the others with his skipping motions and whisking tail. These actions take the focus away from what he is actuallyRead MoreRhetoric In Animal Farm. 13/4/17 – Daniel Griggs. Rhetoric949 Words   |  4 Pageslogic and reasoning, pathos which is emotional language and ethos which is character and fundamental values. Rhetoric is a funda mental thing used by pigs and importantly Squealer, whom persuade other animals to follow the pig’s decisions and needs. Orwell uses the theme of education and literacy as a way of emphasising the importance of language and rhetoric as an instrument of social control. In Animal Farm, reading, writing and rhetoric is used as a means of social control by the pigs. The pigs onRead MoreEducation And Success In Animal Farm By George Orwell1012 Words   |  5 Pagesintelligence. In this case, Squealer, a pig in the novella, confronts Boxer and other labor animals about a situation regarding Snowball, a seemingly traitorous pig. Squealer claims that Snowball himself had written documents stating his allegiance to the humans. Squealer argues his point by using the illiteracy of the labor animals to his advantage, saying â€Å"’I could show you this in his own writing, if you were able to read it’† (Orwell 81). Correspondingly, Squealer is yet again shown to be explainingRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1710 Words   |  7 Pages There are many important characters in George Orwellâ⠂¬â„¢s Animal Farm but the pig Squealer surpasses all of them in importance because Squealer is essentially the equivalent of a news reporter in the Animal Farm. Squealer spreads propaganda among the inhabitants of Animal Farm, whether it is the truth or a lie, but it benefits Napoleon afterwards since Squealer utilizes propaganda techniques in order to make the animals believe it. Most of the animals that are not pigs or dogs aren’t very intelligentRead MoreAnimal Farm Book, Language Used as an Instrument of Social Control1156 Words   |  5 PagesPaying particular attention to the character of Squealer, how is language used as an instrument of social control? How do the pigs rewrite history? In the book animal farm, Orwell very carefully created his characters in order to mimic certain political figures of the time. In this case Squealer functioned as the propaganda department. Squealer uses language to keep Napoleon in power. He uses language as a means to consolidate power, in this light truth is an element that can be manipulated throughRead MoreAbuse of Power in George Orwell’s Animal Farm Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagesforeign to most animals. An example of the pigs using unknown terms can be found when Squealer explains to the other animals about how hard the pigs need to work to keep the farm running. â€Å"There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organization of the farm. Much of this work was of a kind that the other animals were too ignorant to understand. For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious thingsRead MoreRelationship Between Boxer And Boxer In Animal Farm By George Orwell791 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most labouriously enforced theme throughout the novel. Third of all, I believe that another relationship should be mentioned as it holds a high importance to the text. The relationship between Squealer and Napoleon is one of which is as iconic to the whole text. Napoleon doesn’t manipulate Squealer into being his mouthpiece. Instead, Squealer willingly helps fool the rest of the animals. This is because out of all of the animals, these two harbours the most villainous traits. The two claimRead MoreThe Pigs Intellectual Exploitation in Animal Farm Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesallegorically represent man. The intelligent pigs take advantage of the uneducated lower animals and take control of the farm. By showing the steady increase of the pigs intellectual exploitation of the lower animals, Orwell warns the reader of the importance of an education. Immediately after the revolution, the pigs began their intellectual exploitation of the lower farm animals by telling them that the cows milk would be mixed with apples for the benefit of the pigs health. It is forRead MoreNapoleon Gained Power over Animal Farm811 Words   |  4 Pagesinvolved using the media to support his decisions, enforcing a variety of new laws and using fear to keep himself in a position of superiority over the other animals. By changing events to his advantage and implementing strategies to signify his importance, Napoleon manages to maintain his power. Napoleon gained power over Animal Farm by manipulating the animals of the farm, using propaganda and forcing his opposition into exile. He used many different tools of propaganda to help gain power, hisRead MoreEssay Animal Farm by George Orwell905 Words   |  4 Pagesa pig named, Napoleon, and a pig named Snowball, fought to have control over the farm. However Napoleon succeeded and eventually drove Snowball off the farm. Napoleon then begins his reign and begins to manipulate and take over with his comrade, Squealer. The pigs soon become more like the humans, with no difference to tell them apart. Mr. Jones tried several times to try and take back the farm. This was where the animals tried their best to keep it under control. Further on in the story you see

Foreign Exchange of Ibbl Free Essays

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART †¢ Introduction †¢ Origin of the Report †¢ Scope of the Study †¢ Objective of the study †¢ Methodology †¢ Limitation of the study CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART 1. 1 Introduction: Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the World. The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the sunnah. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Exchange of Ibbl or any similar topic only for you Order Now Naturally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam. The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983, . It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities based on interest free and profit-loss sharing system. In doing so, it has unveiled anew horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished drems of the people of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with prescribed by Islam. With the active co-operation and participation of Islam Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic bank , financial institutions ,government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries , Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) has by now earned the unique position of a leading private commercial Bank in Bangladesh. 1 2 1. 2 Origin of the Report: Compliant with the rule of the BBA Program, it is mandatory for a student to intern in an organization, in order to be acquainted with the real practices. Banking business in today’s world is going rapidly. Bank deals with diversified work. Here, many things have to learn quickly which later helps to build career decision. So, I had selected Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited for the internship. The topic of my study is â€Å"Different Modes of Investment of IBBL on Mirpur Branch† 3 4 1. 3 Scope of the Study: BBA course curriculum necessitates for knowing the banking system of any bank. No economic standard can run without banking system or any other financial institutions. My study is ‘Different modes of investment of IBBL on Mirpir Branch’ is a relevant and core of Banking business. Without this concern bank cannot think of its business and existence. I have worked at Pallabi Branch of IBBL. The report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services; the report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services, operating activities financial position, performance analysis, different types of modes present situation, performance analysis and SWOT analysis of IBBL. 1. 4 Objectives of the study: The objectives of this report are: To know about Islamic banking system in Bangladesh. To know about different modes manufacturing of investment of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To study the performance of different modes of investment of Islami bank Bangladesh limited. ? To identify the problem of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To make sngation. 5 1. 5 Methodology: This report has been prepared on the basis of experience gathered duri ng the period of internship form 19th April to13thjun. Within this period I visited three department namely General Banking, Investment and Foreign Exchange departments. Section |Duration |Working Day | |General Banking |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | |Investment |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | |Foreign Exchange |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | A. Sources of Data: The report is prepared by using both primary and secondary data. ) Primary Sources: A lots of the required information came from primary sources. These sources are: o Face to face conversation with the officers: Officers of the general banking, Foreign Exchange Investment Division of Mirpur Branch, Dhaka have been interviewed. o Practical desk work o Relevant file study as provided by the concerned officer o In depth study of selected cases. o Maintaining diary. ii) Secondary sources: Conceptual parts of the report have been collected by studying different literatures regarding credit appraisal system. Some of these secondary sources are: ? Different Circulars issued by the Head Office and Bangladesh Bank ? Different ‘Investment Manual’, published by IBBL. ? Annual Reports 2010 of IBBL. ? www. islamibankbd. com ? Newspaper information on several days ? Audit Reports. ? Relevant books, Newspapers and Journals. B. Analysis of Data: Some arithmetic and graphical tools are used in this report for analyzing the collected data and to classifying those to interpret them clearly. 6 1. 6 Limitations of the study: Islami banking system is different than the traditional banking system †¢ It is very difficult to analyze this issue without proper knowledge about Islamic banking and economy. †¢ As it is not conventional so it bears some complexity to understand. †¢ Some words are in Arabic terms that make it difficult. †¢ It is time consuming to differentiate understand interest profit. CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART †¢ Background †¢ Definition of Isla mic Economy †¢ Islamic Banking †¢ History of Islamic Banking Goals Objectives of Islami Banking †¢ Essential Features of an Islamic Bank †¢ Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking †¢ Brief Description of the IBBL †¢ Mission †¢ Vision †¢ Aims and Objectives †¢ Functions of IBBL †¢ Structure of the organization CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART 7 2. 1 Background: Islam is a complete way of life, and Allah’s Guidance extends into all areas of our lives. Islam has given detailed regulations for our economic life, which is balanced and fair. Muslims are to recognize that wealth, earnings, and material goods are the property of Allah and we are merely his trustees. The principles of Islam aim at establishing a just society wherein everyone will behave responsively and honestly. The Quaranic concept is based upon sovereignty of Allah overall. He is the source of income for human beings. The Almighty provides whatever man possesses to him. Allah is the sustainer of human beings, animals and other beings. It is his desire to whom he gives more and to whom he gives less. 2. 2 Definition of Islamic Economy: a) Islamic Economics is that branch of knowledge, which helps realize human well being through an allocation and distribution of scarce resource that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing individual freedom, or creating continued macro-economic and ecological imbalances- By Omar Chapra (b) Islamic Economics is the science of how man uses resources and means of production to study his worldly needs a ccording to a predetermined code given by Allah in order to achieve the greatest equity- By Princes Muhammad Al-Faisal Saud. 2. 3 Islamic Banking: In the late seventies and early eighties, Muslim countries were awoken by the emergence of Islami Bank which provided interest free banking facilities. There are currently more then 300 interst free institutions all over the world. Islami Bank now a days not only operate in almost Muslim countries but have extended their wings to the Western world to serve both Muslim and non Muslim countries. In case of Islami Banking the establishment of Mitghamar Local Savings Bank in 1963 is said to be a milestone for modern Islami Banking can nevertheless be traced back to the birth of Isalm. Definition of Islami Banking: An Islami Bank is a financial institution whose statutes, rules and regulations expressly state its commitment to the principles of Islamic Shariah and to the banning of the receipt and payment of interest on any of its operating. – According to OIC 2. 4 History of Islamic Banking: During Sumerian, Babylonian and Mesopotamian civilization, temples gave loans to states and individuals and accumulated much wealth prompting various councils to issue decrees. City of Mecca was complex and heterogeneous place, where clan and tribal community were involved in interest based loans. Prophet and his companions were to introduce Arabs to Islam. There is evidence to indicate that the development of Islami Banking started from the time of Prophet. Four revelations of Al-Quran specifically dealing with interest are milestone which later shaped the operational aspects of the Islami Banking system. There are numerous Hadiths relevant to banking which clearly prohibits Muslim from accepting or paying riba. The only known organized financial institution originated during prophet was the Baitul Mal, which involved in state income, expenditure and development purpose. Evidence indicates that the two sons of Chaliph Umar were given loans from Baitul Mal which they used on their way back to Madina for trading and consequently earned profit. Caliph declared it as Mudaraba and taken half profit for Baitul Mal against involved capital. 2. 5 Goals Objectives of Islami Banking: (a) Establishment of an Interest frees financial system. (b) Ensuring justice to both suppliers of fund and user of fund. (c) Encouraging patronizing entrepreneurship. (d) Creating employment. (e) Bridging up the gap between the surplus and deficit of fund. (f) Development of a healthy capital and money market. g) Providing various services and utilities to the public. (h) Development of standard of living. (i) Maintaining justice and equity at all level of transaction. (j) Swishing over to mass banking from class banking. (k) Alleviating Poverty through Zakat profit sharing micro-finance. 2. 6 Essential Features of an Islamic Bank: a) Prohibition of Interest: The traditional c apitalist banking system depends of interest for providing loans and pays interest for taking loans. The spread between these two interests is the source of its profit. But according to Islamic Shariah all types of interest is banned. So Islamic Bank does not carry on business of interest and it completely avoids the transaction of interest. b) Investment Based on Profit: After departing from interest, the alternative ways of income for Islamic Bank are investment and profit. Thus Islamic Bank gives up any transaction of interest and makes investments based on profit. Bank distributes its profit to its depositors and shareholders. c) Investing in Halal Business: Islamic Shariah has banned the business of haram goods. For example Islam not only forbids the drinking of alcohol but also banned any business of alcohol. Therefore Islamic Bank does not get any haram business and only do halal business. d) Halal Paths and Procedures: Islamic Shariah also reject any haram path or process any case of a halal business. Therefore Islamic Banking system only allows the halal path procedures of Halal business. 2. 7 Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking: (a) Risk Sharing: †¢ No predetermined rate of return. †¢ Sharing end result of the business. †¢ Mudaraba loss is entirely borne by the Shahib-al-Maal. (b) Emphasis on productivity not on credit worthiness: †¢ Dominant consideration no on collaterals. Emphasis on soundness of the project. (c) Moral Dimension: †¢ Islamic value oriented system. †¢ Full compliance of Shariah. †¢ No finance for wine/tobacco/casino/pork production or trading. (d) Equity: †¢ Justice to all parties. †¢ Riba is unjust. (e) Allocative efficiency: †¢ Productive of the project. †¢ Finance goes to high productive project even if credit worthiness is lower. (f) Stability of the Banking System: †¢ Mudaraba Musharaka Mechanism ensures stability. (g)Growth: †¢ Promotes Innovation. †¢ Entrepreneurship Development. 2. 8 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE IBBL: Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world. The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. Naturally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam. The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983. This Bank is the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities on the basis of interest-free profit-loss sharing system. In doing so, it has unveiled a new horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished dream of the people of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with what is prescribed by Islam. With the active co-operation and participation of Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic banks, financial institutions, government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries, Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has by now earned the unique position of a leading private commercial bank in Bangladesh. 2. 9 Mission: To establish Islamic Banking through the introduction of a welfare oriented banking system and also ensure equity and justice in the field of all economic activities, achieve balanced growth and equitable development through diversified investment operations particularly in the priority sectors and less development areas of the country. To encourage socio-economic enlistment and financial services to the low income community particularly in the rural areas. 2. 10 Vision: IBBL’s vision is to always strive to achieve superior financial performance, be considered a leading Islamic Bank by reputation and performance. The bank’s goal is to establish and maintain the modern banking techniques, to ensure the soundness and development of the financial system based on Islamic principles and to become the strong and efficient organization with highly motivated professionals, working for the benefit of people, based upon accountability, transparency and integrity in order to ensur e the stability of financial systems. †¢ The bank will try to encourage savings in the form of direct investment. †¢ The bank will also try to encourage Investment particularly in projects which are more likely to lead to higher employment. 2. 1 Aims and Objectives: †¢ To conduct interest-free banking. †¢ To establish participatory banking instead of banking on debtor-creditor relationship. †¢ To invest on profit and risk sharing basis. †¢ To accept deposits on Mudaraba Al-Wadeah basis. †¢ To establish a welfare-oriented banking system. †¢ To extend co-operation to the poor, the helpless and the low-income group for their economic enlistment. To play a vital role in human development and employment generation. †¢ To contribute towards balanced growth and development of the country through investment operations particularly in the less developed areas. To contribute in achieving the ultimate goal of Islamic economic system. 2. 12 Function s of IBBL: The IBBL’s has number of Functions, they are as follows: 1. General banking ? Account Opening Section ? M. S. B, M. S. S, Hajji Section ? P. O, T. D. R, D. D, T. T Section ? Cash Section ? Clearing House Section ? Transaction Entry Section 2. Foreign Exchange Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 3. Investment Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 2. 13 Organization Structure of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited: [pic] [pic] CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL †¢ Introduction †¢ Investment policy of IBBL †¢ Investment Strategy of IBBL †¢ Investment Modes of IBBL †¢ Mode wise investment †¢ Sector wise Analysis †¢ Special Investment Schemes of IBBL CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL 3. 1 Introduction: Islamic Bank does not invest in loans and fixed interest securities. It can invest in ordinary share only while interest based bank can invest in loans and different kinds of securities. Islami Bank establishes and participate projects with its client as a partner and bears the risk along with the client on a proportionate basis. Besides, other conventional banks sometimes finance projects but do not bear risk. Finally, the concept of Islamic Bank is to establish on egalitarian society based on principles of social justice and equity. Whereas traditional banks pay a fixed interest on savings, time deposit and grant loans with interest for any purpose. We have gathered the fact that investment management is the theme of IBBL. The bank takes deposits and invests the same based on the profit-loss sharing. Bank go for the investment mainly which are long term and profitable in nature. IBBL also give high concentration on the investment that will generate more employment. As investment is one of the most priority areas for the IBBL, so it needs to cautious in investment decision. To ensure proper investment IBBL always go with in-depth study before making the investment. So in the next phases we are going to demonstrate the way IBBL follow the manage investment. 2 Investment policy of IBBL: Investment policy of Islamic Bank and non Islamic bank are fully different. The investment policies of Islami bank Bangladesh limited are given follows †¢ To invest fund strictly in accordance with the principles of Islamic Shariah. †¢ To diversify its investment portfolio by size of investment, by sectors (public private), by economic purpose, by securities and by geographical area including industrial, commercial agricultural. †¢ To ensure mutual benefit both for the Bank and the investment-client by professional appraisal of investment proposals, judicious sanction of investment, close and constant supervision and monitoring thereof. To make investment keeping the socio-economic requirement of the country in view. †¢ To increase the number of potential investors by making participatory and productive investment. †¢ To finance various development schemes for poverty alleviation, income and employment generation with a view to accelerating sustainable socio-economic growth and upliftment of the society. †¢ To invest in the fo rm of goods and commodities rather than give out cash money to the investment clients. †¢ To encourage social upliftment enterprises. †¢ To shun even highly profitable investment in fields forbidden under Islamic Shariah and are harmful for the society. The Bank extends investments under the principles of Bai-Murabaha, Bai-Muazzal, Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Meelk and Musharaka. The Bank is making sincere efforts to go for investment under Mudaraba principle in near future. 3. 3Investment Strategy of IBBL: Most of the cases investment strategy of Islamic Bank and interest-based bank are contradictory. The investment strategies of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited are given below: ? To check exodus of investment clients. ? To induct new investment clients. ? To induct good investment clients of other Banks. To enhance existing limits of good investment clients. ? Extension of investment transport sector. ? Extension of investment to backward as well as forward linkage indus tries. ? Extension of investment to real Estate Sector. ? Extension of investment to Jute sector; particularly for trading and export purpose. ? Strengthening supervision, control and monitoring mechanism. ? Training and motivation of manpower to handle increased and diverse volume of investment s. ? To give due consideration to high risk, high return and low risk, low return investment proposals. Adaptation of modern technology 3. 4 Investment Modes of IBBL: IBBL invests its money in various sectors of the economy through different modes permitted by shariah and approved by the Bangladesh Band. The modes of investment are as follows: [pic] A. Bai-Mechanism (Trading mode): Bai-Murabaha: Bai- murabaha may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the sells certain specific goods (permissible under Islamic shariah and the law of the land) to the buyer at a cost plus agreed profit payable in cash or on any fixed future data in lump sum or by installments. The marked up profit may be fixed in lump sum or in percentage of the cost price of the goods. Important features: ( It is permissible for the client to offer an order to purchase by the bank particular goods deciding its specification and committing him to buy same from the bank on murabaha, i. e. cost plus agreed upon profit. ( It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank, that is, he is to satisfy the promise or to indemnify the damages caused by breaking the promise without excuse. It is also permissible to take cash / collateral security to guarantee the implementation of the promise or indemnify the damages. ( Stock availability of goods is a basic condition for signing a Bai-murabaha agreement. Therefore, the bank must purchase the goods as per specification of the client to acquire ownership of the same before signing the Bai-Murabaha agreement with the Client. ( After purchase of goods the Bank must bear the risk of goods until thos e are actually sold and delivered to the Client, i. e. after purchase of the goods by the Bank and before selling of those on Bai-Murabaha to the Client buyer, the bank bear the consequences of any damages or defects, unless there is an agreement with the Client releasing the bank of the defects, that means, if the goods are damaged, bank is liable, if the goods are defective, (a defect that is not included in the release) the Bank bears the responsibility. ( The Bank must deliver the specified Goods to the Client on specified date and at specified place of delivery as per Contract. ( The bank shall the goods at a higher price (Cost + {profit) to earn profit. The cost of goods sold and profit markup therewith shall separately and clearly be mentioned in the Bai-Murabaha agreement. The profit Mark-up may be mentioned in lump sum or in percentage of the purchase/cost price of the goods. But, under no circumstance, the percentage of the profit shall have any relation with time or expressed in relation with time, such as per month, per annum etc. ( The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further increased. ( It is permissible for the bank to authorize any third party to buy and receive the goods on Bank behalf. The authorization must be in a separated contract. Bai-Muajjal: Bai-Muajjal may be defined as a contract between a buyer and seller under which the seller sells certain specific goods permissible under Islamic Shariah and law of the country to the buyer at an agreed fixed price payable at a certain fixed future date in lump sum or within a fixed period by him as per order and specification of the buyer. Important feature: I. Bank is not bound to declare cost of goods and profit mark-up separately to the client. II. Spot delivery of the item and payment is deferred. III. The bank transfers ownership and possession of the goods to the client before receipt of sale price. IV. Client may offer an order to purchase by the bank any specified goods and committing himself to buy the same from the Bank on Bai-Muajjal mode. V. It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank. That is, he is either to satisfy the promise or to indemnify damage caused by breaking the promised. VI. Cash /Collateral Security should be obtained to guarantee the implementation of the promise or to indemnify the damages. VII. Mortgage / Guarantee /Cash Security may be obtained before / at the time of signing the agreement. VIII. Stock and availability of goods is a pre- condition for Bai- Muajjal agreement. The responsibility of the bank is to purchase the desired goods at the disposal of the client to acquire ownership of the same before singing the Bai-Muajjal agreement with the client. IX. The Bank after purchase of good must bear the risk of goods until those are actually delivered to the client. X. The Bank must deliver the specified goods to client on the specified date and at specified place of delivery as per contract. XI. The Bank may sell the goods at one agreed price, which will include both the cost price and the profit. XII. The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further in increased. Bai-Salam: Bai-Salam may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the seller in advance in the certain commodity/products permissible under Islamic Shariah and the law of the land to the Buyer at an agreed price payable on execution of the said contract and the commodity products to the buyer at a future time in exchange of an advance price fully paid on the spot. Importance Features: Bai-salam is mode of investment allowed by Islamic Shariah in which commodity/product can be sold without having the said commodity (ies)/product(s) either in existence or physical/constructive possession of the seller. If the commodity /product are ready for sale, Bai-Salam is not allowed in Shariah. Then sale may be done either in Bai-Muajjal mode of investment. Generally, Industrial and agricultural products are purchased /sold in advance under Bai-Salam mode of investment to infuse finance so that product is not hindered due to shortage of fund/cash. I. It is permissible to obtain collateral security from the seller client to secure the investment from any hazards vis non-supply of supply of commodity (ies)/product, supply of low quality commodity (ies)/ product(s) etc. II. It is also permissible to obtain mortgage and /or personal guarantee from a third party as security before the signing of the agreement or at the time of signing the agreement. III. Bai-salam on a particular commodity (ies)/product(s) or on a product of a particular field or farm cannot be affected. IV. The seller (manufacture) client may be made agent of the bank to sell the goods delivered to the bank by him provided a separated agency agreement is excuted between the bank and the client (agent). B. Share mechanism: Mudaraba: It is a from partnership where one party provides the funds while the other provides the expertise, labor and necessary business activities. The first party is called the Sahib-al Mall and the letter referred to at the Mudarib. Any profits accrued are shared between the two parties on a pre- agreed basis, while capital loss in exclusively born by the partner providing the capital. Important features: i. Bank supplies capital as Sahib-Al-Mall and the client invest if in the business with his experience. ii. Administration and management is maintained by the client, iii. Profit is divided as per agreement. iv. Bank bears the actual loss alone, v. Client can not take another investment for that specific business without the permission of the Bank. Musharakah: The term â€Å"Shirkat† and Musharaka† have been derived from Arabic words â€Å"Shairkah† and â€Å"Sharika† The word shirkah means a partnership between more than one partner. Thus the word â€Å"Musharaka† and â€Å"Shirkat† means a partnership established between two or more partners for purpose of a commercial venture participated both in the capital and management where the profit may be shared between the partners as per agreed upon ratio and the loss. If any incurred, is to be borne by the partners at per capital/equity ratio. In this case of Investment, â€Å"Musharaka† meaning a partnership between the Bank and the Client for a particular business in which both the Bank and the Client provide capital at an agreed upon ratio and manage the business jointly. Share the rent as per agreed upon ratio and bear the loss, if any in proportion to their respective equity. Bank may move itself with the selected Client for conducting any Shariah permissible business under Musharaka mode. Important features: †¢ Bank and client both supply capital Unequally/equally †¢ Profit is divided as per agreement and actual loss is divided as per equity. †¢ Client will maintain all accounts properly bank or its agent may verify or audit it. †¢ Banks can advice the client in such a business in respect of the business. Investment client will normally run and manage the business. †¢ The Bank shall take part in the policy and decision making as well as overseeing (supervision and monitoring) the operations of the business of the Client. The Bank may appoint suitable personal(s) to run the manage the business and to maintain books of accounts of the business property. †¢ As the investment client shall manage the enterprise, the Bank ma y pay more share of profit to him than that of his proportionate capital contribution. Loss, if any, shall be shared on the basis of capital ratio. C. Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk: Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk is a Special type of contract that has been developed through practice. Actually, it is a synthesis of three contacts: i. Shirkat ii. Ijarah and iii. Sale These may be defined as follows: i) Shirkatul Melk: Shirkat means partnership. Shirkatul Melk means share in ownership. When two or more persons supply equity, purchase an asset, own the same jointly, and share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion to their respective equity, the contract is calledShirkatul Melk contract. ii) Ijarah: The term Ijarah has been derived from the Arabic words (Air) and (Ujrat) which means consideration, return, wages or rent. This is really the exchange value or consideration, return, wages, rent of service f an asset. Ijarah has been defined as a contract between two parties, the Hiree and Hirer where the Hirer enjoys or reaps a specific service or benefit against a specified consideration or rent from the asset owned by the Hiree. It is a hire agreement under which the Hiree to a Hirer against fixed rent or rentals hires out a certain asset for a specified period. iii) Sale: This is a sale contract between a buyer and a seller under which the ownership of certain goods or asset is transferred by seller to the buyer against agreed upon price paid / to be paid by the buyer. Thus, in Hire purchase under Shirkatul Melk mode both the Bank and the Client supply equity in equal or unequal proportion for purchase of an asset like land, building, and machinery, transport etc. Purchase the asset with that quit money, own the same jointly, share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion their respective equity. The share, part of portion of the asset owned by the bank is hired out to the client partner for a fixed rent per unit of time for a fixed period. Lastly the bank sells and transfers the ownership of its share/part/portion to the client against payment of price fixed for the either gradually part by part or in lump sum within the hire period or after expire of the hire agreement. 3. 5 Mode wise investment: 3. 5. 1 Mode wise investment performance: The mode wise investment performance of IBBL overall and the selected area is outlined below: (Fig. are in million) Modes |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Bai-Murabaha |23522. 92 |31138. 88 |41731. 48 |51822. 28 |59465. 08 |73833 | |HPSM |14131. 48 |18065. 10 |23344. 46 |30046. 89 |39399. 18 |50201 | | Bai-Muajjal |4965. 76 |5512. 13 |5735. 29 |5917. 18 |6921. 37 |6546 | |Purchase and Nego. 1865. 26 |1801. 33 |2416. 64 |3179. 81 |4846. 62 |11040 | |Quard-E-Hasana |1298. 19 |1765. 65 |1694. 32 |1966. 13 |1974. 20 |1955 | |Bai-Salam |40 7. 08 |610. 27 |807. 14 |641. 44 |905. 61 |1153 | |Mudaraba |52. 00 |103. 00 |102. 00 |50. 00 |50. 00 |50 | |Musharaka |37. 2 |12. 13 |27. 13 |20. 42 |12. 95 |143 | |Total |46279. 71 |59008. 49 |75858. 46 |94644. 15 |113575. 01 |144921 | 3. 5. 2 Percentage of the mode wise investment for the years: (In Tk %) |Modes |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |Mean | |Bai-Murabaha |50. 83 |52. 77 |55. 01 |55. 34 |52. 5 |50. 95 |52. 875 | |HPSM |30. 53 |30. 62 |30. 78 |32. 09 |34. 69 |34. 64 |32. 225 | |Bai-Muajjal |10. 73 |9. 34 |7. 56 |6. 32 |6. 09 |4. 52 |7. 4267 | |Purchase Nego. |4. 03 |3. 05 |3. 19 |3. 40 |4. 27 |7. 62 |4. 26 | |Quard-E-Hasana |2. 81 |2. 99 |2. 23 |2. 10 |1. 74 |1. 5 |2. 2033 | |Bai-Salam |. 88 |1. 04 |1. 06 |0. 68 |0. 80 |0. 79 |0. 875 | |Mudaraba |. 11 |. 17 |. 13 |0. 05 |0. 04 |0. 03 |0. 0883 | |Musharaka |. 08 |. 02 |. 04 |0. 02 |0. 01 |. 10 |0. 045 | 3. 5. 3 Division wise investment of IBBL for the years: (Amount in Tk) Division |2009 |2010 | |Dhaka |72637666426 |91473695824 | |Chittagong |19020120156 |25609818224 | |Khulna |8336566722 |12605186181 | |Rajshahi |10129510794 |11572609603 | |Barishal |990277259 |1077373472 | |Sylhet |2460929772 |2581926291 | |Total |113575071129 |144920609595 | 3. 5. 4 Mode wise investment performance of Mirpur Branch: (In Lac Tk) Modes |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 (up to july 31 ) | |Bai-Murabaha |2551 |3432 |4521 |5072 |4815 | |HPSM |4821 |5906 |6627 |6531 |6155 | |Bai-Muajjal |243 |720 |857 |807 |797 | |QTDR |259 |139 |197 |211 |303 | |Musharaka |46 |00 |7 |7 |00 | |Baisalam |00 |78 |136 |133 |100 | |Others |94 |175 |337 |483 |499 | |Total |8014 |10450 |12682 |13244 |12669 | 3. 5. 5 Percentage of the mode wise investment of mirpur branch for the years: (In Tk %) |Modes |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(up to july 31 )|Mean | |Bai-Murabaha |31. 83 |32. 84 |35. 65 |38. 30 |38. 00 |38. 54 | |HPSM |60. 16 |56. 52 |52. 26 |49. 31 |48. 58 |58. 22 | |Bai-Muajjal |3. 3 |6. 89 |6. 76 |6. 09 |6. 29 |6. 34 | |QTDR |3. 23 |1. 33 |1. 55 |1. 59 |2. 39 |2. 20 | |Musharaka |0. 57 |0. 00 |0. 06 |0. 05 |0. 00 |0. 15 | |Baisalam |0. 00 |0. 75 |1. 07 |1. 00 |0. 79 |0. 79 | |Others |1. 17 |1. 67 |2. 66 |3. 65 |3. 94 |2. 86 | 3. 5. Sector-wise investment performance of IBBL: (Amount in million Tk) |Year |Comm’l |Industrial |Agriculture |Real State |Transport |other |Total | |2005 |17534. 07 |19692. 68 |2350 |3581. 72 |1851. 32 |1270. 30 |46280. 61 | |2006 |20467. 76 |24480. 21 |2235. 29 |5204. 18 |2475. 11 |4144. 94 |59007. 49 | |2007 |26877. 02 |35593. 03 |3537. 17 |5785. 11 |2472. 46 |1593. 77 |75858. 56 | |2008 |29284. 21 |46063. 51 |6445. 67 |6813. 0 |2975. 12 |2061. 94 |93644. 15 | |2009 |28983. 80 |62642. 10 |5890 |8357. 80 |2722. 40 |4978. 97 |113575. 07 | |2010 |43877 |78788 |6485 |8588 |2656 |4527 |144921 | 3. 5. 7 Sector-wise investment performance of Pallabi Branch: Amount in Lac TK |Year |Comm’l |Industrial |Agriculture |Real State |Transport |Other | |2007 |2667 |1002 |000 |3404 398 |543 | |2008 |3520 |1790 |000 |4189 |393 |567 | |2009 |5385 |2582 |000 |3570 |376 |769 | |2010 |5132 |2591 |000 |4324 |401 |796 | |2008(up to july |4867 |2362 |000 |4196 |337 |907 | |31) | | | | | | | |Mean |4706. 4 |2253. 14 |0. 00 |4294. 47 |415. 64 |781. 53 | 3. 6 Sector wise Analysis: i) Analysis of investment under Commercial Sector: Graphical representation of investment under Commercial Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Mirpur |2667 |3520 |5385 |5132 |4867 |4269. 6 | From table and above graph we find that, the average investment in commercial sector is satisfactory. In 2006, 2007 total investment under commercial sector was too much favorable. It is so much good for the company. So overall the commercial investment of the bank is satisfactory. ii) Analysis of investment under Real Estate Sector: Graphical representation of investment under Real Estate Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Mirpur |3404 |4189 |3570 |4324 |4196 |4294. 47 | / From table and above graph we find that, the average investment under Real Estate Sector is Satisfactory.. It is so much good for the bank. So overall the Real Estate investment of the bank is satisfactory. iii) Analysis of investment under Transport Sector: Investment under Transport Sector is as follows: Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |398 |393 |376 |401 |337 |415. 64 | From table we find that, the average investment in transport sector is not satisfactory. It has declined in recent years. Where the attention is necessary by the bank. iv) Analysis of investment under Industrial Sector: Investment under the Sector is as follows: Industrial |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |1002 |1790 |2582 |2591 |2362 |2253. 16 | From table we find that, the average investment in agricultural sector is increasing. In recent years the investment situation under this sector is satisfactory. v) Analysis of investment under Others Sector: Investment under Others Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |543 |567 |769 |796 |907 |781. 53 | From table we find that, the average investment in others sector is the most satisfactory. The trend was then going to the upward since 2007. vi) Growth rate of total investment of Islami Bank Pallabi Branch: (Amount in â€Å"000†TK ) Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(Upto July 31) | |Pallabi |851900 |1149725 |1431864 |1532342 |1461006 | Growth rate of Total credit shows the positive or negative tendency of people to collect their fund from the respective institutions. The higher the growth rate of total credits the best for the organization and its profitability. From the table mentioned above it is found that, the highest growth rat e of total credit shows in 2008. It is so good for the organization. vii) Profit and Investment of several year of Pallabi Branch: Year |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(upto july) | |Total Investment |851900 |1149725 |1431864 |1532342 |1461006 | |Investment Income |68058 |89288 |139411 |156624 |89834 | |Profit on IBG A/C |62187 |74987 |124616 |161790 |88554 | |Net Invst Income |130245 |164275 |264027 |318414 |178388 | viii) Profit and Investment Ratio: Total Profit received on Investment Profit and investment ratio = ————————————* 100 Total amount of investment Figures in 000 Tk |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |15. 29 |14. 29 |18. 44 |20. 78 |9. 99 |17. 19 | Here in the above two graph we see that the profit and investment ratio of the IBBL is in average position. ix) Distribution of Investment by Sectors (Public Private): (M= Million Taka) |Year |IF |Public Sector |Private Sector |Total | | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | |2008 |71912 |5 |3596 |95 |68317 |71912 | |2009 |86295 |5 |4315 |95 |81980 |86295 | |2010 |103554 |5 |5178 |95 |98376 |103554 | That investment distribution in private and public sector both are more effective for any country. But the Islami bank distributes the maximum investment in private sector because it earned comparatively more profit from private sector. x) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural Urban): (Amount in Taka) Year |Rural |Urban |Total | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | | |2009 |8. 68 |9862235033 |91. 32 |103712836096 |113575071129 | |2010 |7. 86 |11386885036 | 92. 14 |133533724559 |144920609595 | From the above table it is found that Islami bank invested the maximum money in urban area. Because maximum entrepreneur and business man stay in urban place. However maximum organization established in urban area. i) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural Urban) of Pallabi Branch: Total investment of Pallabi branch is in Urban areas. There is no rural investment. xii) Distribution of Investments by sector(private public) of Pallabi Branch: Total investment of Pallabi branch is in private sector there is no public sector investment. xiii) Distribution of country wise Investments of IBBL: |Year |Within Bangladesh |Foreign country |Total | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | | |2009 |100 |113575071129 |0. 0 |0000 |113575071129 | |2010 |100 |144920609595 |0. 00 |0000 |144920609595 | 3. 7 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. SPECIAL INVESTMENT SCHEMES OF IBBL: CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis †¢ Strength †¢ Weakness †¢ Opportunities â⠂¬ ¢ Threats 4. 1. 2. 1. CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis 4. 1 SWOT Analysis of IBBL: SWOT Analysis is used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in a business. It is a methodology used to aid strategic planning that gained popularity during the 80’s. It involves specifying the objective of the business or project and identifying the internal and external factors. 4. 2 Strength: After analyzing the present market condition, IBBL got the following strengths, which will be favorable to us to launch our business. Honest and reliable employees: All of the employees of IBBL are honest and reliable. They are always devoted themselves to the works for better services. Better Quality of Services: The IBBL will run profitable business by providing first-rate banking services in a caring, upscale, professional environment. More funds for investment: For adequate financial ability they can provide loan to more investment clients. Appropriate Organizational Structure: IBBL has the appropriate organizational structure. Organizational structure will be developed by the local and foreign expertise. 4. 3 Weakness: The weaknesses of IBBL are as follows. Inaduquate Human Resource: IBBL does not have an adequate human resource management so that it has to encounter about their employees as well as recruitment. It does not develop HR department yet. So that it cannot properly train up to its employee and motivate its employees to give them reward. The ignorance of time value of money: According to Islami Shari’ah the interest should be prohibited. In another word Islami economy does not take the time value of money into consideration. So IBBL does not consider time value of money though our country does not follow Islami economy. Slow velocity of investment: The velocity of investment of IBBL is very slow compared to other banks. It takes in excess of time while investing in a project. 4. 4 Opportunities: Looking at current marketing environment, the following opportunities of IBBL are being visible. More Market Share: As Islami banking is a growing type of business in Bangladesh, IBBL has a great opportunity to capture a large amount of market share. Many Islami banks are turning their faces towards conventional banking to capture market share, but IBBL will not compromise with its quality. It will maintain strictly Islami Shari’ah and will provide the best service to its clients to capture market share. More Market Growth: IBBL has the better HR than any other banks in Bangladesh. Their strategy making and implementing will ensuring to achieve a large amount of market growth. 4. 5 Threats: The following factors may occur as unfavorable phenomena for IBBL. Threat of New Entrants: New entrants to an industry impose several threats to existing competitors. New competitors can reduce the market share of all participants by dividing the â€Å"pie† into more pieces. They also may bring new technology or greater resources not available to present competitors and achieve a high market share position quickly to the detriment of all existing participants. So if any new entrants will be big threat for IBBL. Preference Diversity: Client’s preferences can be the most acute threat to any company. It can change any times. If the consumers think that they should prefer any other services rather that for the ultimate comfort, it could be the worst danger to IBBL. Political Unrest: Now-a-days political unrest becomes common phenomenon in a nation as well as the whole world. World is place of intense political unrest. So, political unrest can be harmful for IBBL. Financial Risk: Financial risk is the part of every business. Banks can increase the interest rate; insurance company can demand more premium or competitor can offer services in lower price. Economic Change: Changes in economic circumstances can be harmful for the IBBL. Personal income, savings, employment, and price level trends can have dramatic effects on the attractiveness of a firm’s products or services in output markets not only final markets, but intermediate markets as well. CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS †¢ Analysis of finding problem †¢ Recommendations †¢ Conclusion †¢ Bibliography CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 Analysis of finding problem: I have identified some problems and limitations in Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited while working in Mirpur-10 branch. For these problems IBBL cannot provide best services to its customers as well as customers are not getting ultimate service from IBBL. These problems are given follows: ) Major Investment of IBBL is on commercial and Industrial sectors. ii) Minimum amount of investment is on agricultural sector. iii) IBBL always invest welfare oriented sectors. iv) Large portion of investment is invested by mode of Baimorabaha that is 53. 26%. v) Maximum am ount of investment is in Dhaka division. vi) Total investment of IBBL is increasing gradually. vii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible without the Interest based banking system. viii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible for the Interest based banking system. ix) IBBL cannot syndicate the other conventional banks. ) Lack of proper supervision. xi) Lack of stable economic condition. xii) Lack of skilled manpower. xiii) Inadequate legal framework. xiv) Unfavorable business environment. xv) Lack of opportunities for profitable investment. xvi) Political unrest. xvii) Customer service is not so much well. xviii) There is no sufficient and high bandwidth Internet connection available in the bank. So, bank cannot ensure better service for all Customers outward city. xix) Some few desks use obstacle instruments and take a huge time to accomplish a particular task. xx) It lacks workforce in general banking s ection. Employees are not that much motivated to work due to excessive workloads. xi) People still confuse IBBL’s products to conventional banks. For example, people frequently call Mudaraba Special Savings (Pension) Scheme or MSS as DPS like conventional banks. xxii) In a beginning and ending day of the week, the flow of customer is so high so at time handling of the customer is so difficult and that show the lack of professional image. xxiii) The decoration system of the bank is not a planned way and the floor, furniture, other materials are not cleaned in a right way and every time so the working condition is not comfortable. xxiv) Sunday and Thursday is very gathering in account opening, cheque issue, cheque received and pay order. xv) Some purpose they provide cash loan to the clients, for example Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk Real Estate 5. 2 Recommendations: Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has achieved outstanding success during last twenty six years, but competiti on is being increased simultaneously. Lots of banks are being opened and many banks are opening Islami banking division. To survive as number one position IBBL has to do lots of things. Some of these are suggested below: 1. IBBL should increase investment in agricultural sector because Bangladesh is an agricultural country. 2. IBBL should increase their investment in public sector because their maximum investment is in private sector. 3. Bangladesh is rural base country, So IBBL should increase their investment in rural area. 4. Operational cost should be minimized. 5. IBBL should try to improve the deposit investment ratio for higher productivity. 6. To decentralize the decision-making authority of the bank. 7. Modern method should be introduced for increasing management information system and accounting information system. 8. IBBL is allowed to determine the rate of profit on deposits and advance. 9. The productivity of the bank may be raised by better funds management and portfolio management improving recycling of funds and developing other income from the business activities of the bank. 10. Purpose oriented training program. 11. Encouraging development of positive and cooperative relationship between management and trade union. 12. Better industrial relationships participatory decision-making etc, is needed to improve the high productivity for the bank. 13. They should improve their customer service. 14. The branch should introduce fully computerized system as soon as possible to reduce time, labor and cost. 15. A large office space should immediately be allocated for this branch. 16. To operate General Banking operations smoothly, some people should immediately be appointed. 17. A prime location should be selected and interior designer should be hired in decorating office. 18. Number of office assistants should be increased. 19. Employees should be smooth behave with customer basically in account opening and convince them. Some other suggestions may be in brief: ? Awareness programs can be arranged for the clients to have a clear view of IBBL products. ? Authorized employees should be monitored to be available at their located divisions ? Branches need to be 100% automated ? Online service should be every where ? Client selection should be cautious ? Overdue should be regularly monitored and minimized ? The information should be available about the investment products and their costs of fund ? Bank documents should be easy and clear to the clients 5. 3 Conclusion: Once upon a time, most of the people didn’t understand interest-free banking system. They never thought that it is possible to provide banking facilities without interest but in passage of time, now it is clear that in Islam there as a banking procedure though profit / less sharing basis. In course of time problems have reduced but not delaminated. This bank is trying to operate their activities according to Islami Shariah. If the Govt. becomes conscious to solve these problems and the banker become cordial and cooperative, the problems may be reduced to a greater extent The Gradual and successful globalization of Islami Banking coupled with growing awareness of the people about its financial and social benefits makes it clear that the next century is going to be the century of Islami Banking. It would be very difficult for them to survive as a number one position, if their service qualities remain constant. Big clients are switching to other bank for this reason bank is losing huge market share. They should pay more attention to big clients. It is also true that maintain Shari’ah and pay special attention to particular person is very difficult. Innovative product should be launched by Islami bank Bangladesh limited such as credit card, investment in education sector to cope with present situation. This project will help IBBL to get advantage over others. Special training should be given to employees to develop their behavior. 5. 4 Bibliography: ———————– CHAIRMAN VICE CHAIRMAN DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT DEPUTY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT SENIOR VICE PRESIDENTS VICE PRESIDENTS ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT Second Officer (Senior Principal Officer) Investment Department (Principal Officer) Foreign Exchange (Principal Officer) General Department (Principal Officer) Senior Officer Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Officer Senior Officer Officer Officer Probationary Officer Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Manager a) Bai-Murabaha b) Bai-Muajjal c) Bai-Salam d) Istishna’a a) Mudaraba b) Musharaka a) Hire Purchase b) Hire Purchase Under shirkatul Melk Bai- Mechanism Share Mechanism Ijara Mechanism How to cite Foreign Exchange of Ibbl, Essay examples

Passion Versus Reason Essay Example

Passion Versus Reason Essay All decisions in life should be made with a balance of emotion and logic. If not balanced correctly, there will be consequences. Throughout Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare, the theme of emotions outweighing reason is explored, resulting in the deaths of many, including the deaths of young lovers, Romeo and Juliet. This is shown through many characters and their actions caused by their personalities, which eventually lead to their downfall. Along with that, the motif of fear causes emotions to outweigh reason, and on top of that, multiple conflicts arise, which cause many characters to think unclearly and use their judgment based on emotions solely. Firstly, Romeo is known to be a very emotional character, often becoming upset about small situations. He lets his emotions run wild when he kills himself after thinking his love, Juliet is dead. An example of this is when Romeo says â€Å"Come, bitter conduct, come, unsavoury guide/ Thou desperate pilot, now at once run on/ The dashing rocks thy seasick, weary bark/ Here’s to my love!† (Shakespeare 5.3.116-119). Romeo was clearly sunken in sorrow at the fact that Juliet died, and he is only thinking with emotion, which leads to his demise. Moving on, Romeo’s emotions outweigh reason when he kills Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin, after Tybalt kills Mercutio, Romeo’s loyal friend. Romeo was outraged by his friend’s death and didn’t take the time to think about the consequences. His emotions were leading him to revenge, which led to Tybalt’s death and eventually, Romeo’s exile from Verona. Furthermore, Juliet is also known to be an emotional character, who makes many hasty actions due to her overwhelming emotion. We will write a custom essay sample on Passion Versus Reason specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Passion Versus Reason specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Passion Versus Reason specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Secondly, the motif of fear is often explored throughout the play. Fear causes people to do irrational things and there are always consequences. Firstly, Juliet is afraid of marrying Paris, the man she is forced to marry, so she takes a sleeping potion to make he